I am a Professor of Biophysics at the University of Edinburgh. I majored in theoretical physics at the University of Zagreb and completed my PhD in experimental biophysics. During my PhD at the University of Oxford, I developed microscopy and optical trapping capabilities that pushed the angular and spatial resolution at which rotary molecular motors, namely F₁F_o-ATP synthase and bacterial flagellar motor, can be manipulated. During my postdoctoral work at Princeton University, I established the experimental and theoretical framework needed to study bacterial physiology at a single-cell level, working with Escherichia coli as the model organism. More recently, my lab has focused on understanding E. coli’s free energy maintenance strategies and has been developing techniques to measure bacterial electrochemical gradients, one of the main energy sources in bacteria. The technology also carries the potential to be used as a new line of biosensors, where we use a biochip array of bacterial cells to produce an electrical biosensor output whose principle of action remains the same irrespective of the analyte, and, where the bacterial cells can be easily re-engineered to sense different analytes.